Object Speech Outline Essay

I. Blood sweat and tears have been shed in this jersey. I have battled in this Jersey, for God, this school and my team. All my life I have played soccer with the goal to never â€Å"plateau† or to stop getting better, to always achieve the next level. I have played soccer since I was four years old and this jersey embodies my experiences up to this point. This jersey represents not only soccer, but my accomplishments, my defeats, my passion, my hatred, the impact it has had on my life, and much more. But most importantly this jersey represents God in my life, and how soccer has been the catalyst for God to minister through me. II. I started off my college soccer career playing division 1 soccer at Sacramento State in the 2nd hardest conference in the country, the big west. As a freshman I had the 4th most minutes played on the whole team, I had a full ride, and some might say my life had been set up nicely. But by then end of the season I found myself feeling empty, something was missing. The more I thought about it the clearer it became, I had all of this but I didn’t have what mattered most, God. So I took a leap of faith and left sac state to pursue a deeper and stronger relationship with God. I had no intention of playing soccer anymore or coming to APU. But one of my good friends who plays here at Azusa convinced me to come and check it out. Having done this I found myself in a position, for the first time in my life, where my faith and my passion have been able to coincide, through wearing this jersey. III. This brings me to my second point, which is that not only am I able to play soccer for God and represent my faith, but I am able to actually minister to people through my sport. This summer I tried out and made a semi professional team known as the Southern California Seahorses. This team plays at the highest level possible for college athletes while still allowing them to maintain collegiate eligibility. The Seahorses are a Christian based organizatio n whose main goal is to mold young men into, not great soccer players who are Christians, but Christians who are great soccer players. You may wonder what the difference is, though it is rather small in semantics the significance is nothing short of incredible. I am now proud to call myself a Christian who  happens to play soccer. The difference is what do you put first, your passion and your goals, or God? For the first time in my life, I have put God above my goals, I have put aside my dreams to live to serve God, and in return God has blessed me by allowing to me to still pursue my goal by ministering through soccer. IV. As I said before, this Jersey embodies my life up to this point, why? Because soccer has been the center of my life, everything has revolved around it, and finally I am now able to combine the two biggest things in my life, my faith, and my passion for soccer, and am blessed to be able to practice both on a daily basis. For me the question that brought the most clarity, was when I was asked, â€Å"Do you call yourself a soccer player who is Christian, or a Christian who happens to play soccer? †

Why Was The Constitution A Controversial Document Even As It Was Being Written?

The United States Constitution was written more than 200 years ago and it has been used as the foundation for the government. The constitution has been and still remains the most durable political agreement in the history of the world. Even though an inspiring document, its creation was not that easy but controversial. Its framers were divided over a number of major issues which led to lengthy arguments when it was being written.After its creation the Constitution still remains controversial. It has turned out to be the epicenter of Civil Rights activism, conflict between state sovereignty and national supremacy, questionable over universal healthcare as well as marriage controversy1. The compromises on the key issues that characterized its genesis are responsible for the controversy of the imperative document. From the beginning of its creation the constitution ideas were divided between the advocates.The advocates understood that that the constitution was an idea of the republican thinking, providing for a new level to the people’s elected government. On the other hand, the critics were convinced that the republicans aligned themselves in small political units, the states. The separation of powers between the central government and the state governments was thus a major controversy as the constitution document was being written and stands out as a crucial issue up to date. The delegates drafting the constitution encountered issues over the state representation.The delegates that were representing bigger states advocated for a population based representation while the delegates from smaller states thought an equal number of representatives for every state was fair leading to the Electoral College2. Despite the agreement, the not all parties were satisfied making it a controversy. The creation of the constitution was strongly debated as some prolific and influential leaders were opposed it. The issue of a two party system was another issue that sparked c ontroversy as the American constitution was being drafted. The delegates failed to accept that it was a two party system.This continued to create a growing rift among the advocates. It led to the separation between advocates for a large and stronger versus those for a small and a weak federal government. Slavery was another controversial issue in the drafting of the constitution. It was not about its abolition, but rather division on to which state the slaves would be counted to in working out a state’s population as well as the amount of property tax to be implemented over the owners3. The government decided to it would not interfere with the slave trade for no less than 20 years, but this move received opposition from the southern.Eventually, another controversy of the constitution was the issue of the citizenship. The written constitution did not clarify what composed citizenship. It did not also deliver the particular rights for a United States citizen4. These issues led to the controversy in the Bill of Rights. The Bill of rights still remains controversial due to the changing times. Conclusion As the constitution was being written ideas were divided between the advocates. The advocates understood that that the constitution was an idea of the republican thinking, providing for a new level to the people’s elected government.The delegates drafting the constitution encountered issues over the state representation. A two party system was another issue that sparked controversy, Slavery as well as issues concerning citizenship formed the controversy of the constitution was being drafted. The U. S. was controversial even as it was being written and will always remain controversial since compromises rise up with time. There are also several interests of various people that cannot be reconciled all of them without compromise.

An information system

An information system Introduction: An information system is a set of interrelated components that collect or retrieve, process, store and distribute information to support organisational decision-making and control. One of the key issues with ‘information systems’ (IS) (these days) is that companies cannot measure if they are becoming more profitable or efficient by using the systems that they purchase. In a study done by KPMG on 200 UK firms, around seventeen billion GBP is lost each year due to the mismanagement and misalignment of information technology (IT). One way to evaluate a firms’ IS usefulness is to use the resource-based view â€Å"inside-out approach,† which means that a company should identify its core business values and in turn, align these goals with a suitable information system that will fulfil these needs. Often times, however, large multinational firms implement new technology, regardless of whether it benefits the company or not and there is no way to mea sure results. Therefore, it is beneficial to look at a firm who has implemented a successful IS, for which it receives its competitive advantage. Inditex is a major holding company based in La Coruà ±a, Spain, which maintains controls over popular clothing stores such as Zara, Massimo Dutti and Bershka amongst others. For the purpose of this report, we will look at Zara in more detail, a store known for its high fashion for reasonable prices, with many clothing stores in prime locations in metropolitan cities around the world. It competes with other clothing stores such as H&M and Gap but it sets itself apart from them using its savvy information system and rapid production schedule. For the purpose of this report, we will examine Zara’s Technological and Socio-Economic Environment along with Zara’s knowledge chain management to evaluate its alignment of information technology as a function of Zara’s business strategy. IT in alignment with Business Strategy: Zara’s business strategyis to provide fast fashion for low prices. Based on this principle, one of Zara’s developed core competencies is its effective and minimalistic approach to utilizing IT for the purpose of timely knowledge transfer, fast production turnaround and employee empowerment. Aspects beyond which are not directly connected to Zara’s core competencies, the company prefers to outsource, such as its logistics. In order to understand the effects of IT on Zara’s business model, we must take into consideration the technological and socio-economic factors affecting Zara, such as its management process, employee skills, technology, structure and strategy. The management process: The management processof Zara is supported by its holding company Inditex, who manages other popular European brands such as Massimo Dutti, Pull and Bear, etc. however, each clothing store is distinct because Inditex supports organisational learning, as opposed to maintain ing firm control on these stores. Not only is each entity separate, but management encourages employee empowerment at Zara by allowing its employees the flexibility to choose new clothing designs for its store on a bi-weekly basis. Therefore, in just one city alone, one Zara store may have significantly different inventory than another Zara store up the road. Despite these differences, Inditex is still able to create economies of scale and scope based on the learning curve between its inter-related brands.

Minorities Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Minorities - Case Study Example Let us remember however our families. Have already considering the reaction of the parents of a little boy who rather prefers play with dolls than videos games' However the same parents will not see anything scandalous if their daughter prefers the videos game than the same doll. If a boy want to be popular in he school he have to pratice a ''real male sport'' like soccer ,basket-ball football,hockey. When we talk about sexism often we are talking about discrimination against females . This vision is however erroneous because the only fact of thinking that a sexual kind is higher than other is already sexism. "Sexism is the discrimination based one gender, especially discrimination against women. It's also the attitudes, conditions, social gold behaviors that promote stereotyping of roles based one gender" (http://www.thefreedictionary.com/sexism) Sexism is a form of discrimination which rests on the axiologic distinction several sexual kinds, it defines the hierarchical relationship between the two sexual kinds. It is form of a social, moral, political categorization and chocolate 'clairs which impose form of behavior. The word sexism thus covers also discriminations which apply to the men; as the kinds are defined one compared to the other, there is no sexism which is not at the same time applicable to the two sexes. But insofar as the sexism results most of the time in inequalities with the detriment of the women, it became current to indicate by this word the differences and inequalities undergone by the women. The discrimination based on the sex is illegal in many countries, but it do not have any less present. Let's talk about the most obvious discrimination ,against women. It starts sometimes even before birth and continues during the childhood. In some countries , contraception and the modern techniques of abortion are employed to privilege the birth of boys to the detriment of the girls, so that start to create disbalances in the population. Many stereotypes concerning the education of the young girls remained the same ones during the last decades and evolved. More than half of the girls of more than 11 years dedicate at least an hour to it, whereas only 30% of the boys take part in it, and only less than one half an hour. The electronic game are more offered to boys, which tends to inculcate a certain reserve among women who they will become in front of the techniques. In the everyday life, this disparity continues to exist. In the family and domestic world.,it was shown that the women are largely victims of the "double day". On average, they pass a much greater number of weekly hours than the men in family and domestic work. The tendency of the last decade seems to have worsened with unemployment and precariousness. In the professional field the situation is even

Manage budgets and financial plans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Manage budgets and financial plans - Essay Example Effective communication is made up of voice clarity, subject appropriateness, and language simplicity. Clarity is an important component of effective communication. Unless communication between individuals or groups is clear, communication will lack direction and can be misinterpreted. Communication is a vital link in our life. Business dealings, financial markets, legal or medical opinions, education, sports or entertainment are all a part of our life. To sustain or succeed, communication is vital. Wars have been won and lost through the use of effective and non-effective communication. Subject appropriateness is another component of effective communication. I, as a speaker must be able to deliver precise, subjective information to make you and others receptive to what I say. If I were to repeatedly go on lecturing without any participation from the audience, the whole exercise would lose its importance and nullify the objective. Also, if I were to go on stage and make a presentatio n without proper preparation, it may end up being monotonous, elaborate and finally go down as being a drab. An unprepared elaborate speech will only rebuke the audience. No one likes to be held up by lengthy lectures or speeches. The listener/audience will soon begin to lose interest and direction. Time is precious. Effective communication must thus be precise and concise. Language simplicity is the third feature in effective communication. Use of strong language can harm the intent of such an exercise. Confusion will prevail. The purpose of making a point will be lost. What good would it be, if I were to use strong language that finds most people in the audience searching for meanings Simple language that is easily understood will make the presentation most effective. The idea is to make those present understand the focus of the presentation and at the same time the reason behind it. Thus, it must be said that for effective communication, clarity, appropriateness, and simple langu age is important. In order to understand how effective communication can deliver the desired results at a professional level, I have traced three potential scenarios: 1. An address to team leaders on the introduction of the annual budget 2. A departmental meeting citing the reason for a budgetary cut 3. A capital proposal in an operational area 2.0 Effective communication and strategies while introducing an annual budget: and explaining their responsibilities to the team leaders within your department To present a company's annual financial budget to leaders of various departments calls for very precise and informative data. First and foremost, I, as the speaker must be well versed with financial terms. I should be able to interpret and conclude to all team members the logic behind any thrust in funding a particular project or division. It must be understood that all information being spelt out by me is in keeping with the company's new policies, and approved by senior managers and board members. At no point of

War Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

War Strategy - Essay Example Krepinevich in an influential article published in 1994. As a close associate of Andrew W. Marshall, the American godfather of the RMA concept, Krepinevich's definition carried unusual weight. He explained RMA as "What is a military revolution It is what occurs when the application of new technologies into a significant number of military systems combines with innovative operational concepts and organizational adaptation in a way that fundamentally alters the character and conduct of conflict. It does so by producing a dramatic increase-often an order of magnitude or greater-in the combat potential and military effectiveness of armed forces". (1). Soviet writers actually coined the term RMA in the 1950s to describe changes in warfare wrought by nuclear weapons and ballistic missiles. In identifying American military capabilities with an RMA, Soviet and then U.S. military analysts were communicating something profound about the historical importance of U.S. long-range precision strike capabilities, which were replicating the battlefield effects small nuclear weapons had on armored forces. (2). By the 1980s, security challenges in each area called for advanced conventional warfighting forces. Conventional warfighting innovations were pursued to restore deterrence credibility in Europe. A wellspring of studies and prolific media references to 'revolutionary' warfighting capabilities permeated defense planning discussions following the American military victory over Iraq in the 1991 Gulf War. Even among the more conservative analysts, defense planning discussions and military thought were dominated by an American RMA thesis. This thesis faded in the late-1990s but remains central to more recent defense transformation discussions. (4). The RMA Thesis Usually identified in hindsight, after a stunning military success, RMAs involve radical changes in the conduct of military operations and sometimes even the characterization of war-fighting. The 1990s witnessed a shift in American military thought and defense discourse as new terms and concepts were widely used to describe U.S. military forces, doctrine, and capabilities. (3). The American RMA thesis holds that a historically significant shift in U.S. military power was underway by the end of the Cold War based on the synergy of advanced intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) capabilities, automated target identification systems, information-enabled weapons, superior education and training, and joint war-fighting capabilities. Among the RMA terminology retained in U.S. defense discourse are terms like information superiority, rapid dominance, dominant battle-space knowledge, common operating pictures, decision superiority, persistent

The Effectiveness of Internal Auditing in Saudi Arabian Local Essay

The Effectiveness of Internal Auditing in Saudi Arabian Local Government - Essay Example Variables used to measure the efficiency include the competence of the staff in the audit department, the size of the department, the independence and autonomy of the audit department, the management support of the audit process, relationship of the internal practitioners with the internal auditors and eventually, the relationship between the audit council and the auditing department (Kamrava, 2010). The methodology used in the survey, archival and the conduction of the research involved the use of unstructured interviews (personalized and intercepted via telephone) and use of survey questionnaires, the respondents in this process included administrators form the Al Sharqiyah Municipal government and in this organization, the internal audit department will be fully utilized as a source of information, Correspondence with the governor or his handlers will be required to evaluate the efficiency of the operations in the local government and to have their opinion ad take on the role and importance of internal auditing in local government. The analysis of the findings will help determine the level of comprehension of the practitioners and stakeholders of the audit process and importance and also gauge their efficiency in the implementation of the same. A review of their competence levels will be of prime importance since it will also indicate the nature of the workforce in the local government versus the kind of work they do which in turn will assist in the evaluation of their efficiency at work. The background information on the structure of local government and audit requirements of local government as mandated by the Generally Accepted Auditing Principles and the Audit Practice in Local Government will be used as a yardstick in the measurement of efficiency of the practitioners, the internal audit process and the compliance of the administrators to the laid rules and regulations of internal auditing (Kamrava, 2010). BACK GROUND / INTRODUCTION OF THE STUDY Saudi Arabia, home to a massive population of 22.1 million p eople according to polls done in 2001 by the Saudi Department of Statistics. To manage this population that sits on land and water. The Saudi Arabian government has divided the nation onto fourteen provinces also known as emirates. These are namely Al Banah,Al Hudud as Shamaliyah, Al Jawaf, Al Madinah, Al Qasim, Al Qurayyaf, Ar Riyadin , Al Sharqiyah ,Asir Hail Jizan, Mkkah, Najra and Tabuk. All these emirates are either headed by brothers, sons and nephews and other kin to the King (currently King Abdullah) according to the economic and political significance of the emirate. This system allows the emirates to be divided into districts and sub-districts relative to their geographical size. With the developments in trade within Saudi Arabia and the world, the economy, social set up and political

Cash flow in business organizations (Accounting) Coursework

Cash flow in business organizations (Accounting) - Coursework Example Cash generated from operating activities informs a business owner how much the company or business generated from its primary business operations, rather than the outlying activities such as borrowing and investing. In a period, this section of the cash flow statement gives a clear picture of how the company’s business activities are generating cash that will benefit both the stakeholders and the shareholders. The cash flow from operating activities gives the amount of cash created and excludes expenses linked to long-term venture on capital items. Notably, the International Financial Reporting Standards delineate cash flow from operating activities as the revenue created from the business activities. Cash flow from operating activities obtained in a given period includes cash obtained from customers for the sale of goods or services, cash obtained from fees, commissions and royalties, and cash reimbursed against income taxes (Mittal, 2007: 146-151). Additionally, the cash flo w from operating activities also includes the cash obtained from the sale of futures and the sale of premiums in the case of an insurance company. On the other hand, the net profit from operating activities refers to the excess of the cash obtained from operating activities over the costs of operating activities. It is obtained after adjustments have been made to the cash from operating activities. It gives the financial position of the business and shows whether a company can cater for its operating expenses (Mittal, 2007: 154). The net profit from the operating activities is given by the difference between the cash from operating activities and expenses from the operating activities. Some of the expenses deducted from the cash generated include the accounts payable, cash payments to employees, cash payments to suppliers, rent, insurance, interest payable, and income tax expense. Additionally, non-cash expenses such as

Business Ethics on Software Piracy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Ethics on Software Piracy - Essay Example Piracy is very difficult to stop, and software companies are at a loss as to how to stop major offenders. Although new measures are continually being tested, so far these have proven either cumbersome to paying clients or ineffective altogether. According to Mitchell (2003), "the illegal copying of software is considered by some international business experts to provide an interesting glimpse into the overall maturity of the business ethics of a region" (p.136). Historically, this inference holds true particularly in relation to the socio-economic development of a region. While locations such as Vietnam and China had a near-frivolous 100% piracy rate, in North America it was a much more acceptable 25%. Given these facts, it is illustrated that the better developed a country, the less prone it would be to software piracy. Perhaps it may be connected to the fact that the protected delivery of technology is so easily sidetracked that so many people are tempted to get a free copy. After all, who would say no to a freebie right In today's rapidly changing information highway, software is so readily accessible that anyone can do it. A few clicks on Google and one would be on his merry way. For the heavier protected software from the bigger companies, a more tech-savvy individual could source out illicit versions from numerous hacker websites which have proliferated the Internet. Actually some computer software companies have given up on curtailing piracy and instead utilize a concept called "shareware", where software is distributed for free but consumers are enjoined to make a small "donation" in good faith. As more and more users are switching to these free downloads, the situation is slowly becoming a serious business ethics issue that is both awkward and tricky to address. Existing piracy laws are lackadaisical at best, and only target users on a large scale. But for the small business, the prospect of saving a couple thousand dollars for relevant office software is quite appealing. - more so if the likelihood of getting caught is next to nil. Given the relative ease that one can download illicit software online, the morality and ethics of the matter comes into the forefront. Armed with the fact that some full-scale business in such countries such as the Philippines and Vietnam run completely on pirated software (Mitchell, 152), how does one exactly regulate this when officials in these countries turn a blind eye, and piracy is slowly becoming an accepted part of the culture Perhaps these Southeast Asian countries should follow the lead of the United States, who has been at the short end of the stick of the entire piracy industry. As mentioned earlier, the country has the lowest piracy rate and yet is the hardest hit. Is this short of saying that the level of business ethics and compliance is miles away compared to developing countries Can it be argued that what we are seeing is an illustration of stringent ethics being practiced as a whole from a cultural perspective, and that other locales simply lag behind and do not give much importance to it In the U.S., an April 2001 survey showed that 82 percent of corporations monitored employee communication, 82 percent had a formal written policy on email usage and 77 percent had one on Internet use ( Mitchell, 137). These same companies cite legal liability as the top reason, but recognized that banning personal

Total cost minimization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Total cost minimization - Essay Example This essay paper provides a detailed discussion about information gathering, individual and teamwork, written communication skills, communication tools, professionalism, relationship, economics and project management in relation to Ford Company and its bid to minimize its total cost Information gathering It has been necessary for Ford to conduct an internal investigation and gather information. The investigations have been to assess performance levels, safety concerns, employee misconduct, harm to property, sexual harassment, attitude, employee capability, and theft cases. Internal investigations are done to resolve challenges or avoid moral hazards. This has helped Ford company avoid substantial legal and financial costs. A poorly done internal investigation could lead to negative effects such as negative publicity, distraction of employees from their work, a leeway to moral hazards among employees and negative impact on employee morale. These negative effects will create unnecessar y costs. The company has been thorough when it comes to internal investigation and corrective measures, and has managed to reduce the costs related to the mentioned effects. Prior to engaging in any investigation, the technical team select among the alternatives methods, the cheapest and most effective, to reduce costs involve (Banham, Russ & Newman 24) 6. Individual and teamwork 6b. Individual and teamwork Working as an individual is beneficial amongst few persons who are productive when doing a task as an individual. However, Teamwork is fundamental for entrepreneurs. Henry Ford, the founder of Ford Company was a great achiever because he believed in teamwork. In 1947 Ford Henry said that working together eventually boosts success. This allowed the management team to ride on an indefinite mandate to set up skilled and motivated task force. It is cheaper to harmonize the goals of employees with that of the Ford Company, than to face individual employees. The sense of team spirit wi ll automatically influence employees who appear incorrigible. Ford’s success is likely to rely on teamwork. (Hitt & Michael, p 15) Communication Skills a. written Communication is fundamental for success of an organization. Communication channels define the path that information follows from one employee to another. Ford Company has an effective communication channels both for external and internal communication between employees. Henry ford, founder of Ford Company considers listening as secret to success. Ford’s human resource department considers poor listeners as expensive employees. In bid to minimize communication related cost, verbal communication is preferred when exchanging personal information within the Company. Written communication is also preferred when handling Company related information, which requires verification. Consequently, the company has a programme designed to develop employees writing and listening skills. Additionally, they are trained on co st effective use of the available communication resources (Hitt & Michael 21) 7c. Communication tools Ford Company has been using several communication tools to inform their customers on various products on offer. Among them are advertisement, sales endorsement, publicity, personal vending and public relation. Companies use various combinations of these tools for marketing purposes. Whereas promotion involves fee payment, sales promotion, public relations, and personal vending are not. In the company’s attempt to minimize cost, it has resorted to use of communication tools such as sales endorsement, publicity, personal vending and public relations. They have involved a great utilization of the internet resources to reach their clients in various geographical locations. The internet resource has played a very significant role in valuable time administration because numerous

Ethnic Identity and African Americans Essay Example for Free

Ethnic Identity and African Americans Essay Ethnic identity is the sum total of group member feelings about those values, symbols, and common histories that identify them as a distinct group (Smith 1991). Development of ethnic identity is important because it helps one to come to terms with their ethnic membership as a prominent reference group and significant part of an individuals overall identity. Ethnic reference group refers to an individuals psychological relatedness to groups (Smith 1991). These reference groups help adolescents sense, reflect and see things from the point of their ethnic groups in which they actively participate or seek to participate. What is ethnic identity? The establishment of identity is an important, complex task for all adolescents, and is considered a major developmental task for all adolescents. It is particularly complicated for adolescents belonging to ethnic and minority groups. Ethnic identity of the majority group of individuals is constantly validated and reinforced in a positive manner where as the minority group is constantly ridiculed and punished in a negative manner. What does this say for those adolescents who are the minority and not the majority? It is important to study or research ethnic identity because it provides better knowledge to help one understand striving for a sense of unity and connectivenesss in which the self provides meaning for direction and meaning of ethnic identity (Spencer, 1990). It is also important to study or research the differences between these groups due to beliefs and values. Adolescents that are the minority are confronted with their ethnicity at an earlier age then Caucasian adolescents majority and they are constantly aware of ethnic differences, which means it is of greater importance to understand the development of the minority individual. It should lead to different assessments when it comes to ethnic identity. For example, African American adolescents are psychologically compared to Caucasian American adolescence diagnoses, which are sometimes inaccurately assessed. Bronfenberner explains the theoretical perspective such as the ecological perspective by saying, The implications for clinical treatment of African American adolescents, mental health workers must be sensitive to the ecological context of their clients. Mental Health workers must realize that there is no single entity called the black family . The black families compared to the other families established their American family. He suggests that these families vary dramatically in backgrounds, social economic status, values, and degree of acculturation to the norms and values of mainstream America (1990). There are also, significant differences that may exist in preparation of African American adolescent, at the level of rearing family practices and in schools (1990). That is, schools continue to reflect historical values that deal with racial-stereotypes and prejudice and beliefs. At the same time there are families trying to avoid and make light out of such situations. These families and communities continue to show constancy by instilling their own beliefs and values through child rearing which maybe different from Caucasian Americas. Identity and ethnicity as adolescent issues Identity has been defined in many ways. It is the concept used to describe an individuals sense of who he or she is (Dashefsky and Shapiro, 1976). Changes in identity occur throughout the life cycle, however, the changes in identity are usually most notable during adolescence. Integrating a positive sense of ethnic identity into ones overall personal identity is an important task of late adolescence (Steinberg, 1996). Ethnic identity has been defined as the aspect of ones sense of identity concerning ancestry or racial group membership (Steinberg, 1996). Ethnic identity development is an essential human need because it provides a sense of belonging and historical continuity. Ethnic socialization Minority children are confronted with their ethnicity at an earlier age than their majority counterparts (Smith, 1991). Parents can help to speed up the early stages of ethnic identity development by taking an active approach to ethnic socialization. Ethnic socialization, according to Steinberg(1996), refers to the process through which parents teach their children about their ethnicity and about the certain experiences they may have with the broader society. Ethnic socialization consists of three themes: 1) understanding ones own culture, 2) getting along in mainstream society, and 3) dealing with racism (Steinberg, 1996). Possible outcomes of ethnic identity development. There are four ways to deal with ethnicity (Steinberg, 1996): Â ·Assimilationadopting the cultural norms of the majority while rejecting the norms of ones own culture. Â ·Separationrejecting the majority culture and associating only with members of ones own culture. Â ·Marginalityliving within majority culture but feeling estranged. Â ·Biculturalismmaintaining ties to both cultures. According to Steinberg (1996) many believe that biculturalism is more successful than the other four. With biculturalism minority youth have access to the norms of the majority and minority culture depending on the situation. References. Â ·Smith, Elise J. Ethnic Identity Development: Toward the Development of A Theory within the Context of Majority/Minority Status. Journal of Counseling and Development: JCD. v70. n1. Sept. 1991. p. 181-188. Â ·Spencer, Margaret Beale. Child Development. v61 n2. Apr. 1990. P. 290-310. Â ·Dashefsky, A. (Eds. ). (1976). Ethnic identity in society. Chicago: Rand McNally College Publishing Co. Smith, E. J. (1991). Ethnic identity development: Toward the development of a theory within the context of majority/minority status. Journal of Counseling and Development, 70, 181-187. Â ·Steinberg, L. (1996). Adolescence. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.

Globalization Essay Example for Free

Globalization Essay Effects of Globalization As Candied said (a character created by Voltaire), we must cultivate our garden. Globalization causes diversity between cultures because unfortunately thanks to globalization, the world changes negatively day by day and also cultures are shaped according to this change. In todays world we have to cultivate ourselves In order to exist in society, Cooperation in cultures helps to follow this change and creates new identities. According to Tyler Cowmen, globalization has a cultural benefits for society but in contrast Dry. Stranger argues that globalization creates a monotone identities which people want to attain It. Thus, this change which we call cross-culture has both negative and positive side and from my point of view, Its true that cross-culture has positive effects for creating diversity in cultures but by a majority, globalization has a negative side on us as Dry. Stranger claims. Societys perspective determine women and men roles in society. Before the period of globalization there was a definitive gap between genders. Thus, thanks to globalization, societys point of view changes on man and women positively. Before, women have to look beautiful, made-up and have specific body size which makes them all seem bland and plastic like Barry dolls. They dont have right to work because they are fragile, naive and emotional but In contrast, man has to be a bread winner because they are strong, not sensitive and independent. Therefore Simons De Behavior (French philosopher) used Hedges description of the master-slave dialectic. She compared the terms master and slave with subject and other. She claims The subject Is the absolute. The other Is the inessential. (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2010) Therefore she argues hat there is a huge inequality between genders and this inequality put women into the background. However, after the French revolution, the world started to change. The absolute monarchy that had ruled France was over; people became aware of what they were and what they can do. Thus, this revolution caused a big change in Europe, After this revolution, Europe had entered into three revolutions and the most effective one was is the industrial revolution. Thanks to the industrial revolution, society perspective was shaped differently because states started to cooperate between each other. As a conclusion, society needs more labor and this event caused a change in gender roles. Women may also place in the work place which reduces the inequality between man and women. Also this is a revolution of new identities because we act our social roles how society wants. This revolution causes a change in social perspective, culture, so peoples view Is also change which creates new identities. After all. People developed themselves. As Tyler Cowmen claims Look at a book and ask yourself, where does paper come from, where does printing come from, where do the ideas in the book come from? Whats the religious background of the author? (Really Creative Destination August,2003) Thanks to revolution, Europe made a trade between each other which caused a diversity in cultures. They changed all their view in every subject especially in gender roles. Thus, this interaction caused a change in whole world. People became more open-minded and they cultivate Off Cowmen affirms, these discoveries created more comfortable lives. Consequently, Im agree with the idea that interaction l ead to the development of personality. Its true that globalization has a positive side as has been illustrated, but in my opinion, costly, it has a negative side. For instance, the inequality between rich and poor increases. The Rich get richer and poor get poorer. Economic power causes this difference which influences the culture. Its indispensable that people should protect their own traditions but globalization cause a loss of cultural identities. Most of the world tries to act according to American lifestyle because America has all the economic, politic power. Therefore, globalization can lift people out of poverty but the inequalities between groups get stronger. People wear same clothes; same shoes and eat same foods such as fast food. They follow same trends and same dream so as Dry. Stranger claims As humans we naturally measure ourselves to those around us, but now we live in a global village we are comparing ourselves with the most significant people in the world and finding ourselves wanting. (Bates, 2011). Accordingly, this global village which Dry. Stranger mentions causes a loss of cultural identities because we act and try to be like a dominant culture. In fact, we dont want to be like a dominant culture. They force us to be like them, they manipulate our brains so they make pressure on us that we should act according to their rules. For example; George Orwell explains this situation in one of them his books which is 1984. In 1984, he creates a character which he entitles Big Brother who is a dictator of his own state and he forces his people to obey them. He manipulates their brains and he gives a role to play for existing in society. Thus these people loss their identity also their personality as we do. The another example is sasss Turkey which we experienced the period of wrong westernizes due to media and literary influence. In sasss all of Turkish people try to live like Europe. However, their lifestyle is not laid for our culture so in time family values changed and were mostly lost. Also our language started to get lost their value which is a another negative side of globalization. Languages lost their value day by day and its a big cultural loss because language is the most important element of identity. As Tyler Cowmen approved the cross-culture, he also add In terms of culture, there is a loss. For instance, its absolutely true that a lot of languages are dying. (Really Creative Destination August,2003). Therefore in sasss Turkey people migrate to Europe and if e read the books of this time we will observe that writers use French in order to use Turkish. Also if we regard todays world everyone use English in order to use their tongue. In this manner, I may say that, globalization creates diversity but this diversity also creates a chaos in culture because people start to take someone as a roll-model and try to live like that. In this case, we observe a loss in cultural traditions which makes a negative effects on society. Again Taylor Cowmen argues The Julian Simon point that the gains are much larger than the costs is certainly true. Really Creative Destination August,2003). Im totally disagree with this claim so from my point of view, in this situation, the costs are much larger than the gains because when we lost cultural values there will defends that globalization has a positive effect on cultures because thanks to diversity people make change in their perspective especially, th ey start to know many cultures which help to develop themselves. However Im disagree with this idea like Dry. Stranger. Globalization damages cultural values. Its true that thanks to globalization people are not stay shallow but constantly, it causes a loss in cultural identities. Therefore, I assert the idea of protectionism. Everyone should protect their cultural values and be aware of what they are. Otherwise; in the future, there will be a monotone people as Dry. Stranger asserted. Eventually, this cultural interaction causes a shape in society negatively to the contrary of the claim of Taylor Cowmen. Works Cited Ibuprofen, Debra. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 2010. Simons De Behavior. Cowmen, Tyler. Really Creative Destruction August September, 2003. Interviewed by Nick Gillespie of Reason Magazine. Bates, Claire. The Daily Mail.

Nigerian Breweries Marketing Analysis

Nigerian Breweries Marketing Analysis EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report is set to discuss about the marketing report of Nigerian Breweries Plc. It covers their history, the PEST analysis, their strategies and tactics. A good marketing report is needed in an organisation to know the status of the organisation and to know where they are failing and succeeding so that they can correct or maintain the situation. This paper would fully explain the marketing report of Nigerian Breweries with a little recommendation. INTRODUCTION Kotler (2002) defined Marketing as the social process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with others. Marketing is essentially about marshalling the resources of an organization so that they met the changing needs of the customer on whom the organization depends. (Palmer, 2003) Marketing is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion and distribution of ideas, goods and services to create exchanges that customer and organizational objectives. (Drucker, 2005) The concept of marketing as a business philosophy defines marketing as a process that is intended to find, satisfy and retain customers while business makes a profit. But central to all these definitions is the role of the customer and his relationship to the product. A market research is imperative for a company to know what type of products or services would be profitable to introduce in the market. Also with respect to its existing products in the market, good market research enables a company to know if it has been able to satisfy customer needs and whether any changes need to be made in the packaging, delivery or the product itself. (Anonymous, 2009) HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Nigerian Breweries Plc (NBPLC) is the countrys pioneer brewery. Incorporated in 1946, it commenced production in 1949. It started as a joint venture between the United African Company (WAC) International, UK and Heineken of Holland. Thus, at inception, it was 100 per cent foreign owned. By the early 1950s, when it began operating fully, some indigenous traders already involved with its products were invited to become shareholders. Under the indigenization policy of the early 1970s the foreign shareholders were forced to sell a significant proportion of their holdings. Today, the company is 60 per cent Nigerian owned and 40 per cent foreign owned. The 60 per cent Nigerian stake is held by company employees and members of the public, while the 40 per cent foreign ownership is split almost equally between CWA Holdings Limited (for Unilever) and Heineken Brouwerijen BV. Its first bottle of beer, STAR Lager, rolled off the bottling lines of its Lagos Brewery in June 1949. Other breweries were subsequently commissioned by the company, including Aba Brewery in 1957, Kaduna Brewery in 1963, and Ibadan Brewery in 1982. In September 1993, the company acquired its fifth brewery in Enugu state, and in October 2003, its sixth brewery, sited at Ama in Enugu. Ama Brewery is the largest brewery in Nigeria and one of the most modern worldwide. Operations at Enugu brewery were discontinued in 2004, leaving the company with five operational breweries. The company has a portfolio of high-quality brands, including Star Lager Beer (launched in 1949); Gulder Lager Beer (1970); Maltina (1976), which now has three varieties, namely Maltina Classic, Maltina Strawberry, and Maltina with Pineapple; Maltina Sip-it (2005), which was packaged in Tetrapaks; Legend Extra Stout (1992); and Amstel Malta (1994). The company also re-launched Heineken Lager into the Nigerian market in June 1998. Nigerian Breweries is the most capitalized quoted company on the Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE), it is also the first company in any sector to declare N12 billion in PBT and the first company in Nigerian history to declare dividend of N8 billion (Vanguard, 2003). Nigerian Breweries operates many related companies, including beverage-related manufacturing companies making corks, labels, bottles, packing crates; and a logistics network, including transport companies, warehousing companies and retail sales management THE MARKET ENVIRONMENT Market Environment is the various external forces that can directly or indirectly affect the many activities of an organization. This is an integral part of environmental scanning. These activities include acquisition of human resources, raw materials, financial resources, and development of goods and services. The marketing environment includes forces such as: political, legal, regulatory, economic, social, technological, and competitive. Nigerian Breweries Plc functions in two different market enviroment namely the Macro and Micro which affects it externally and internally. (Kotler, 2004), the PEST analyses and the Porters Five Forces model of Nigerian Breweries would be discussed in this report. PEST analysis stands for â€Å"Political, Economic, Social, and Technological analysis† and describes a framework of macro-environmental factors used. (P)OLITICAL ANALYSIS   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Political analysis involves elections, employment law, consumer protection, environmental regulations, industry-specific regulations, competitive regulations, inter-country relationships/attitudes, war, terrorism, political trends in the country where the company is based. The political situation in Nigeria has experienced a stable balance since the commencement of the democratic governance and this has impacted on Nigerian breweries plc in different ways. Politically, Nigerian breweries was affected positively when the ban on importation of barley was lifted as well as placing a 20% tariff on both products by the federal government on January 6 1998, this increased its options of raw materials for production as the company had been forced to make use of local corn and sorghum for brewing in the past. Sales in Nigerian Breweries have been on the rise as opposed to the style in European and other developing markets partly because despite the individual state governments efforts by creating laws to regulate the sales and distribution of alcoholic products it has not put in-place proper control mechanism to checkmate and control the phenomenon of alcoholic consumption, this is due to the laxity in enforcement of laws in Nigeria and the high level of corruption in government (Daily Trust, 11 September 2008). (E)CONOMICAL ANALYSIS Economical Analysis involves the exchange rates and stability of the host country, skill level of work force, labour cost, and Economic level of growth, unemployment rate, inflation rate and interest rate. Nigeria is a growing economy therefore it is less affected by the recent global economic financial crisis and this has a positive impact on the sales of Nigerian breweries products as people have disposable income and can spend more on drinking of beer products, this therefore is a positive development for the company (Malandrakis, 2009). Also, the unemployment rate in Nigeria is really high and it makes a lot of people idle and they spend most of their time at bars which helps increase the sales of beers. The Exchange rate in Nigeria is low comparing to the US dollar and it can affect the business when the raw materials are being imported as it cost a lot of money. Another economical issue which is affecting Nigerian Breweries negatively is based under the labour cost which is the lack of constant electricity supply in Nigeria; this has forced the company to make use of alternative means of power supply such as generators were the company spends a huge budget on diesel which has a constant increasing price. (S)OCIAL ANALYSIS Social Analysis involves the Demographics, Class Structure, Gender, and Age, Attitude (health and environmental consciousness) The production of recreational centres in major cities which have all been changed to drinking joints locally known as â€Å"Joints† (Daily Trust, 11 September 2008) has changed drinking of beer into a social activity. It has observed that people prefer drinking out with friends as drinking of beer has become similar with celebrations such as weddings, parties, clubs and other social gatherings, among youths drinking is done in order to belong. This social drinking habit is clearly evident as it supports on trade sales which dominates the Nigerian market with a market share of 80% sales (Malandrakis, 2009). In northern Nigeria, states like Zamfara, Kano, Kaduna and Sokoto ban beer drinking because of their Sharia Law. A law is passed around that people who drink any form of alcohol or commit adultery, theft would be severely punished (The Guardian, 2002) and this affects the sales of beer in that region. Nigerian breweries is also involved in social responsibility by sponsoring events such as star quest which is aimed at discovering new musical acts (Nigerian Tribune, 8th June 2009) amongst other social events and creative writing workshop, a program created to groom the young writer (Vanguard, 15 July 2009). (T)ECHNOLOGICAL ANALYSIS This involves inventions, new discoveries, research, energy uses/sources/fuels, communications, and rates of obsolescence, health manufacturing advances, information technology, internet, and transportation. Technology has not been a major aspect in Nigerian Breweries Plc but they have invested in the equipments used for beer production to make it have its original taste. They also invest in generators for electricity because of the electricity issues in Nigeria. The Social factors have the strongest effect on the market power of Nigerian Breweries Plc as drinking is a lifestyle which has evolved over the years. The Porters five forces apply new entrants, Buyer power, Supplier power, Substitute and Rivalry for analysis. POTENTIAL ENTRANTS Potential Entrants are other organisations interested in entering the industry. Potential entrants trying to come into the brewery industry in Nigeria find it very difficult because of a lot of mostly the Government policies, the cost of exit and entrance and this puts Nigerian breweries at a comfortable position as market leaders and leaves the company with nothing to worry about as regards new companies that may spring up. Other reasons why new companies find it difficult to come into the industry is because the switching cost is really high so any new company cannot just switch or leave the industry, brand loyalty is really high because the public is used to the products of Nigeria Breweries. SUBSTITUTES From Porters Model, substitute products refer to products in other industries. To the economist, a threat of substitutes occurs when a products demand is affected by the price change of a substitute product. Finding a substitute for beer in Nigeria is practically impossible because drinking beer in Nigeria has become part of social activity and also with the affordable price for the average and low earners (a bottle of star larger beer costs N140 which is less than a pound and is cheaper compared to wines, brandys and other bottled alcoholic drink) it has the price has a competitive advantage over the type drink like wine and brandy. The only major competitor within the industry that Nigerian breweries has in beer products is Guinness Nigeria Plc and both companies have between them 77% market share (WW8) therefore it would only take a special brand to substitute either of these brands. BUYER POWER Buyer power can be explained as the impact that customers have on a producing industry. This occurs when there are many suppliers and one buyer. In Nigeria Breweries, the buyer power is very little as they are the major supplier in the industry and the customers have little option but to get products from Nigeria Breweries. Buyer power can also explained by switching cost which is expensive due to the high prices of substitutes like wines and brandy. Also, Nigerian Breweries have grown so well that consumers have very strong brand loyalty on their products such as Gulder, Star. SUPPLIER POWER This can simply be explained as when there are many buyers and just one or little supplier. Nigerian breweries has a very high supplier power because the use of local corn and sorghum for manufacturing of beer has a high market value because of the limited availability of barley and other substitutes for brewing of beer, the farmers and suppliers of this raw materials have the power to raise their prices as they wish, leaving Nigerian Breweries at their mercy. RIVALRY The Nigerian beer industry has only 2 major companies in the industry which are Nigerian breweries and Guinness Nigeria Plc and this gives Nigerian Breweries less competition but high rivalry because there is low switching cost since the cost of a beer from Guinness Nigeria is almost the same price. Rivalry could also low because there are only two companies in the industry so it has enough market for both of them and it can gear its strategies against only one major competitor (Oyeyinka, 2002). THE COMPETITION OF NIGERIAN BREWERIES The major competitor for Nigeria Breweries is Guinness limited Nigeria, it manufactures beer in the brand mane of â€Å"Harp† in Nigeria. Harp Lager Brewery is located in Ikeja, Nigeria. This Nigerian brewery belonging to Tony Joyce started production in 1981. The annual production of beer is about 1,500,000 hl. The other beer production units of Guinness Nigeria Limited are located in Agbara, Benin, Aba in Imo. The other little breweries include Benue breweries, Olympic breweries, Sona Breweries and Consolidated Breweries. In general, competition for Nigerian Breweries is minimal as its only major competitor is Guinness Nigeria limited. Nigerian Breweries has the edge over these competitors majorly because of its brand loyalty and because of the fact that it has being producing beer for over 60 years. It also has a lot of branches all over Nigeria so as to reach the customers demands. MARKETING STRATEGY A marketing strategy is a process or model to allow a company or organisation to focus limited resources on the best opportunities to increase sales and thereby achieve a sustainable competitive advantage. (Ulrich et al, 2002) Nigerian Breweries Plc uses Marketing strategy to maintain competitive advantage. It uses the market segmentation, targeting and positioning as a means of carving out its own share of the market and catering for their needs. SEGMENTATION Market Segmentation can be defined as dividing a market into distinct groups with distinct needs, characteristics, or behaviour that might require separate products or marketing mix. (Anonymous, 2002) Segmentation refers to individuals and organisations with similar characteristics having significant implications for the determination of market strategy (Jobber, 2007), Segmentation can be broken down into Geographical segmentation, Demographic segmentation, Psychographic segmentation, Lifestyle, social class, and personality-based segmentation Behavioural segmentation. Nigerian breweries Plc segmentation is in relation to its consumers which serves all classes and ages of legal drinkers. In Nigeria, drinking beer is seen as a social event of festivity and because of its affordable price, it can be seen amongst the high, middle and lower class earners. The advertisement way of life which the company has built up over the years to appeal to all age groups and societal status types has also helped boost their market sales. Nigerian Breweries have advertised their major beer product (Star) as a drink that delivers superior enjoyment and brightens all social occasions this is so because the drink is seen as a key to happiness and celebration by its consumers. In general, Nigerian Breweries focuses on all the segment of market and has produced different types of products which covers all the segment of market in Nigeria TARGETING Market Targeting can be defined as the selection of a particular market segment toward which all marketing effort is directed. Market targeting enables the characteristics of the chosen segment to be taken into account when formulating a product or service and its advertising. (Keegan, 2001) Nigerian breweries have targeted their beers towards different market segments using a differentiated targeting strategy and they have two major beer products that target different classes and age groups. The â€Å"Star† beer product targets the youth, this is evident from most of its advertisements and sponsorship programs which is usually directed toward the younger generation while the â€Å"Gulder† beer product targets the older and higher financial class of people, this is also evident in its own type of advertising methods and sponsorships. POSITIONING It could also be defined as the place the product occupies in consumers minds relative to competing products. (Anonymous, 2002) Market positioning depends much on how competitors position themselves, a producer can be said to be successful if he can achieve the mental position which he/she is trying to make in the mind of the consumer. Nigerian breweries Plc have two major beer brands, Star and Gulder which respectively for the younger celebrating generation and for the more sophisticated and older generation of drinkers., This brandings falls in line with the customers perceptions of the two products as more of the younger generation identify with the Star brand which is not as bitter in taste as the Gulder brand which is more expensive in price than the Star brand. THE MARKETING MIX The term marketing mix refers to the primary elements that must be attended to in order to properly market a product or service. Also known as the 4 Ps of marketing which are Price, Promotion, Product and Place. PRICE The price you set for your product or service plays a large role in its marketability. Pricing for products or services that are more commonly available in the market is more elastic, meaning that unit sales will go up or down more responsively in response to price changes. (Jones, 2007) Price can be stated as the actual or rated value of a valuable product which is up for exchange; some define it as amount of money paid for product (Kotler et al, 2005) The price of the products (Star beer) produced by Nigerian Breweries is affordable for all the consumers in the market because it is produced from local corn and sorghum which is cheap so they make their profit and satisfy the customers which are mostly the youth and since most of their sales are mostly made from youth, the price would always remain affordable so as not to lose customers and reduce sales. PRODUCT Kotler et al, 2005 defined Product as anything that can be offered to a market for attention, acquisition, use or consumption that might satisfy a want or need Nigerian Breweries has two main beer products and they can be described as the core products of the organisation i.e. they serve their actual purpose for which it is bought by the customer which is for the quenching of thirst. However Gulder brand can be described as a luxury product meant for the sophisticated individual, these products are classified as consumer product because they are bought by the consumer to actually consume and not for other purposes. Nigerian Breweries has more than enough products for every type of consumers. They produce bottled water for thirst, Star beer for the youth, Maltina for the consumers that do not take alcohol. PLACE This term really refers to any way that the customer can obtain a product or receive a service. (Jones, 2007) Nigerian Breweries Plc has a wide distribution channel and makes use of external companies for distribution of its products nationwide; Nigerian Breweries use other transportation companies to assist distribute their goods nationwide. This system of distribution helps make the product more available to the consumers but this however limits the direct contact between producer and consumers which reduces feed-back time for the producers. PROMOTION Promotion is concerned with any vehicle you employ for getting people to know more about your product or service. Advertising, public relations, point-of-sale displays, and word-of-mouth promotion are all traditional ways for promoting a product. Promotion can be seen as a way of closing the information gap between would-be sellers and would-be buyers. (Jones, 2007) Nigerian Breweries Plc carry out sales promotion in two ways namely Consumer sales promotion targeted at the ultimate consumer market and trade sales promotion targeted at the members of the marketing channel, such as wholesalers and retailers, benefits of sales promotions include increased profit making. Examples of Nigerian Breweries sales promotion are â€Å"Star Xmas Carnival† which was targeted at the companys retailers and consumers were prizes like bags of rice, DVD Players and other items were won by consumers each day for 21 days (Ekeh, 2009), Gulder ultimate search were the winner took home 3 million naira cash prize (Ajayi, 2004). EVALUATION OF STRATEGY AND TACTICS Nigerian Breweries has been one of the major companies in the brewery industry for more than 60 years so it is fair to say that their strategy and tactics over the years have been close to spot on. In response to competition, Nigerian Breweries has been involved in several re-branding, product development and diversification efforts in the last 5 years. In 2006, the company launched its Guilder Max brand which was a darker, richer version of the successful Guilder Lager. In an attempt to enter the soft drink market, NB launched the Farouz brand of soft drinks (pineapple and pear flavour). Recently, they repackaged the Maltina brand by introducing a larger sized bottle while maintaining the price of the former bottle. The Star brand which is the flagship product of the company was also rebranded and has achieved huge success since then. RECOMMENDATION FOR FUTURE DEVELOPMENT Nigerian Breweries is already a major force in Nigeria but it is still not internationally recognised like other International companies in the industry so the major recommendation for Nigerian Breweries would to expand their products internationally or at least expand it within Africa. They could also build new refineries in different places in Africa to help expand their organisation. Since the distribution of their goods is done by other companies, they could venture into that business so they could proper feedback from their customers and be able to satisfy them more effectively. They could also venture into production of new brands of products so as to broaden their market. Investing in technology can also help with the growth of their organisation. Building vending machines can also help with the effective distribution of their product. CONCLUSION Nigerian Breweries is and would remain one of the major brewery companies in Nigeria and this marketing report that shows their strategies and tactics have tried to explain the reasons why they are such a major force in the brewery industry in Nigeria. It is obvious that there is room for improvement by them expanding their market and business into new countries but the important thing is that they are succeeding in their primary goal which is being able to satisfy their customers in their home land. REFRENCES Amos Etta, 16 october 2004, Gulder; After the search, what next? Vamguard News paper. Bennett Linda A., Ph.D, Carlos Campillo, M.D, C.R. Chandrashekar, M.D and Oye Gureje, M.B.B.S., Ph.D., FRANCZP, 1998, Alcoholic Beverage Consumption in India,Mexico, and Nigeria, A Cross-Cultural Comparison. Ekeh Desmond, 3 January 2009; 2008 Brand review: Consumer promotion as key driver, The Guardian Newspaper Kotler Philip et Al, 2002, Principles of marketing. Fourth European edition 4th European edition. Essential Guide to Marketing Planning / Marian Burk Wood. Jobber David, 2007, Principles and Practice of Marketing, 5th edition; Maidenhead McGraw-hill Education. Jones, Scholes 2007, Exploring corporate strategy: text cases. 8th edition. Malandrakis Spiros, 2009, Nigeria Spearheads Optimistic Outlook for Beer Sales in sub-Saharan Africa, Euro Monitor Moschis P George, 1993, Life Stage Segmentation for Marketing Strategy Development Nigerian Tribune, 8th June 2009 Obike Uche, 2005, Nigeria Breweries Continues to Expand Market Share; This Day Newspapers Oldroyd Mike, 2004, CIM Revision Cards, Marketing Environment; Butterworth Heinemann. Oyeyinka O, Banji, 2002, Manufacturing Response in a national system in Nigeria, The United Nations University. Ulrich R, Mc Donald, Shellhamer, Lopetcharat, 2002, Promoting Brand Benefits; The role of consumer Psychographic and lifestyle. Journal of consumer marketing. Vanguard, 5 June 2003, Nigeria Breweries Consolidates Corporate Leadership; Africa New Wang Weiyue, 2009, Managing Customers and Markets; Salford Business School. http://www.nbplc.com/homepage.php (ww1) http://www.heinekeninternational.com/nigerian02.aspx (ww2) http://web.ebscohost.com/ (ww3) http://allafrica.com/stories/200809110416.html (ww4) http://www.ias.org.uk/resources/publications/theglobe/globe200202/gl200202_p6.html (ww5) http://www.fas.usda.gov/grain/circular/1998/98-02/dtricks.htm (ww6) http://research.afrinvestwa.com:8080/GetDownload.aspx?dwlID=74 (ww7) http://www.euromonitor.com/Alcoholic_Drinks_in_Nigeria (ww8)

Benjamin Harrison :: essays research papers

Steven Shamlian, Anubhav Kaul Benjamin Harrison was the 23rd president of the United States, from 1889-1893. He was 56 when he was elected president. Benjamin Harrison was born to a Presbyterian family on Aug. 20, 1833, on his grandfather's farm in North Bend, Ohio. He was named for his great-grandfather, a signer of the Declaration of Independence. His grandfather was William Henry Harrison, the 9th president. Ben was the second of the 10 children of John Scott Harrison and Elizabeth Irwin Harrison. Harrison attended Farmers' College in a Cincinnati suburb for three years. While a freshman, he met his future wife, Caroline Lavinia Scott. Harrison and "Carrie" Scott were married in 1853. They had two children, Russell Benjamin and Mary. One year before their marriage, he graduated with distinction from Miami University in Oxford, Ohio. In 1854, Harrison passed the bar exam and moved to Indianapolis. In Indianapolis, he practiced law and campaigned for the Republican Party. In 1860, he was elected report er of the Indiana Supreme Court. A deeply religious man, Harrison taught Sunday school. He became a deacon of the Presbyterian Church in 1857, and was elected the elder of the church in 1861. In 1862, Governor Olive P. Morton asked Harrison to recruit and command the 70th Regiment of Indiana Volunteers in the Civil War. Harrison accepted the challenge. He was a fearless commander and rose to the rank of brigadier General â€Å"foe ability and manifest energy and gallantry in command of brigade.† After the war, Harrison won national prestige as a lawyer. President Hayes appointed him to the Mississippi River Commission in 1879, and he held this post until 1881. Harrison turned down a post in the cabinet of President Garfield because he was elected to the U.S. Senate in January 1881. During his tem in the Senate, Harrison upheld civil service reform, a protective tariff, a stronger navy, and regulation of railroads. He made speeches in favor for the restriction of Chinese immigration and against the importation of contract labor. He criticized President Cleveland’s vetoes of veterans’ pension bills. Harrison was looking forward to a second term in senat e, but was defeated by Indiana’s Democratic legislature by one vote. James G. Blaine, who had lost the 1884 election to Cleveland, refused to run in 1888. The Republicans nominated Harrison to represent their party, partly because of his war record and his popularity with the veterans.

Edward Teach aka Blackbeard the Pirate Essay -- biographies bio biogra

Edward "Blackbeard" Teach was undoubtedly one of the most feared and most despised pirates of all time. Edward Teach is thought to have lived in England before his pirate career, although his exact origins are unknown. He was named "Blackbeard", for his large black beard that almost covered his entire face. To strike terror in the hearts of his enemies Blackbeard would weave hemp into his hair, and light it during battle. Edward Teach was an unusually large man, carrying two swords, numerous knives, and pistols- he was feared by his own crew. At the sight of this pirate, many of his victims were quick to surrender without a fight. If they did, he would often times just take their valuables, rum, and weapons— allowing them to sail away. However, if the vessel resisted capture, he would either kill the crew, or maroon them. Blackbeard needed to maintain his devilish image in order to maintain the respect of his crew (very few members of the crew doubted that he was the devil himself, very few didn’t fear him, and therefore they obeyed him). Blackbeard began his pirating career sometime after 1713, as an ordinary crewmember aboard a Jamaican sloop commanded by the pirate Benjamin Hornigold. In 1716, Hornigold supplied Teach with a small crew, and a small captured vessel to command. By 1717 Hornigold and Teach were sailing in alliance, and together were feared throughout the seas. In November 1717, Hornigold and Teach were able to capture a 26 gun French vessel called the Concorde (recent research has shown that the vessel had originally been built in Great Britain). Blackbeard’s pirate partner, Hornigold, decided to take advantage of a recent offer of general amnesty from the British Crown- and retire in comfort. Teach rejected t... ...ks running in blood. The battle could have had a different ending, Blackbeard had ordered one of his crew to blow up the powder magazine if the boat was taken, and fortunately for the survivors one of his less determined shipmates stopped him. The battle was over. It was rumoured that Blackbeard’s headless body ran amok and jumped into the water swimming around the ship. Whatever the truth of these tales, Maynard sailed home with Blackbeard’s head on a pole. Blackbeard had captured over 40 ships during his piratical career, and had been the cause of the deaths of hundreds of people. Although Blackbeard's lawless career lasted only a few years, his fearsome reputation has long outlived him. The death of Blackbeard and the trial of the remaining crew were seen as the beginning of the end of the years of buccaneering glory, and a big coup in the war against piracy.

The Power of the Single Set in Educating Rita Essay -- Educating Rita

The Power of the Single Set in Educating Rita   Ã‚   There are obvious financial and logistical reasons for making Educating Rita a two-handed play, but Willy Russell does far more with this format than simply save money on actors and sets. The play is essentially about the impact of education on the lives of two people and it therefore does not need to distract the audience with Rita and Frank's other relationships and concerns. The depth and intensity of Rita and Frank's relationship is also highlighted by having them as the only characters on stage. It could be argued that the single room set does not give the audience enough of a sense of the social context of the two characters, but this is more than made up for by the incidents that they narrate about their lives outside Frank's study.    The single set represents Frank's personality and position in the intellectual elite. From its description in the opening stage directions, it is a typical don's room; lined with books, strewn with papers and decorated with a 'good print of a nude religious scene'. But Frank's first actions on stage undermine the high intellectual impression created by the room. He is searching his bookshelves not for a book, for but a bottle which he duly finds behind the highly respectable Dickens. When Rita eventually enters after her struggles with the door (symbolic perhaps of the obstacles placed on her road to enlightenment) she comments perceptively on the painting that, for all its value as art, is still just an excuse to look at a naked woman's body.    In Scene 2 Rita admires the room's appearance in spite of the fact that it is a mess.    Rita: How d'y' make a room like this? Frank: I didn't make... ...ople in a room talking is not a problem. The talk is what is important and Willy Russell marks Rita's progress even in this. Her early statements are full of colloquialisms, swearwords and references to popular culture, but as the play progresses the way Frank and Rita speak gradually comes closer together (apart from the Trisha-inspired false start of Rita talking, as Frank says, like 'a Dalek').    Ultimately, Educating Rita is a comic play which examines some serious themes such as social class and the transforming effect of education on working class people, who choose to take it up. The monotony of only ever seeing one set and two actors is more than made up for by the quality of Russell's comic imagination and the importance of his themes in today's society.    Work Cited: Russell, Willy. Educating Rita Methuen Publishing, Ltd. 2001

Hotel Rwanda †The Rwandan Genocide Essay

Hotel Rwanda is a film about the genocide that transpired within the premises of the city of Kigali, the heart of Rwanda during the year 1994. This evil act lasted for 100 days killing thousands of innocent lives of Rwandan men, women and children. But in the film, it did not focus on the genocide. Instead, it shed a light on the heroic and courageous deed of one ordinary man in an effort to save the lives of some of his countrymen. In the movie, almost all of the aspects of the genocide were tackled including the powerlessness of the United Nations to put a stop to the violent killings perpetrated by the Rwandan government and the Hutu rebels against the Tutsis. This was very much evident when the character of Dan Cheadle was promised by the UN Colonel that he, his family and all the refugees at the Milles Collines will be rescued. But when the colonel had a talk with another UN officer, the plan seemed to have changed. The colonel explained that only foreign nationals were allowed to leave Rwanda. Only a small number of troops were instructed to uphold peacekeeping and not peacemaking meaning they were not allowed to shoot at anyone even if they commit violent actions. More so, the minimal involvement of the international organizations and their eventual negligence over the escalating killings in Rwanda played a pivotal role in the increased deaths of thousands of people. Instead of helping the Tutsis to take refuge to a safer place in neighboring countries, these organizations decided not to get involve because of the misconception that nothing can restore the peace and order in an anarchic setting. Moreover in the movie, a Red Cross worker drew some attention because of how she showed her bravery by setting aside her fears and her own welfare just to save a few people from being mercilessly killed by the Hutus. Some aid workers decided to stay in order to help while others chose to flee in order to protect their welfare. Overall, the movie generated an accurate depiction of the Rwandan genocide. However, some controversial issues were downplayed like the role of the French in the uprising and arming of the Hutu rebels. After the genocide, some reports have surfaced that implicated a few French politicians and the French military with this tragic incident. According to the results of the findings of an â€Å"Independent Rwandan Commission,† the French government was â€Å"aware of preparations for the genocide and helped train the ethnic Hutu militia perpetrators. The report included that France provided the Hutus with â€Å"political, military, diplomatic and logistical support. † For almost 2 years, the commission had gathered data and interviewed several survivors. All the information that had been obtained, served as testimonies to the participation of the French government in the killing of almost 800,000 civilians in the span of 100 days (BBC, 2008). But the French vehemently refu ted the accusations. In their defense, they stated that the allegations were biased because the commission has only one thing in mind and that is to prove that the French are guilty. The â€Å"French Foreign Ministry said â€Å"there is no surprise in the conclusions of the commission given its mission† (CNN, 2008). Aside from this, the film also failed to include the admission of the United Nations of its failure to prevent the genocide. But for the UN, this became a learning experience. They realized that people should not be neglected specifically in times of dire need when lives are at stake (BBC, 2000). Given this new angle in the Rwandan genocide, it should have been also portrayed in the movie. This would have given viewers more accurate representation of what really happened in Rwanda in April 1994. Also, this would have been a chance for the whole world to determine who the real culprits were in one of the worst humanitarian crisis of the 20th century. More so, these events could have provided a comprehensive outlook on how humans are capable of doing horrendous and brutal acts just to have power and control.

Banning whaling

Whales atomic number 18 the biggest animals that live on this planet, in the oceans. Depending on their neologisms they raft weigh up to two hundred tons, the lading of around 12 elephants or 2000 people. It has also been analyze that the brains of behemoths atomic number 18 highly-developed which means they be intelligent cr wasteures. Since centuries hunts stand been catch down for their oil and tenderness. The assist of cleanup position hunts for their meat and oil is c solelyed whaling. In the olden days only the die away moving giant stars were hunted.By the 17th entury the demand for monster 011 and meat rose and It wasnt until the 18th coke when a new hunting limb was invented. Since take hold ofs were invented, fast paced hunt downs like glowering hulks could be vote downed only when it is a very uncivilized way of hunting whales. Whales world the biggest animals of our planet and existence driven to almost extinction, It becomes our indebtedn ess to ban hunting whales and preserve them. commercial-grade message whaling has driven so more whale species to near extinction. Not only that except other federal agents like ocean noise, pollution, clime changes also threaten their existence.In 1 905, since whaler shifted to Antarctic waters, South Georgia became he Centre for whaling and between 1930-1931 30,000 blue whales were killed and touch on 1 That nearly drove the blue whales Into extinction as they were hardly notice ever lohan 2 since. In 1986 the International Whaling Commission banned whaling each(prenominal) over the world to protect whales from being hunted but despite that, many countries still practice whaling either In disguise of research or to fight down the Industrial demand for whale meat and oil. Countries that still practice whaling argon lacquer, Iceland, Norway.Iceland has of late alone killed hundreds of whales and send tons of hale-meat to Japan whose market Is already so bountiful of w hale meat. In Japan whale meat Is a delicacy and on the pretext of scientific research It kills whales. Whales squander time to mature and also throw up slowly. They only shake up one late one in around 3 years and it takes time for a specie to determine after being hunted in masses. Hence its metrical composition shine to extinction so easily that we dont fancy the harm we do by cleanup position whales that are so Important to our ecosystem. mass solely over the world consider commercial whaling to be cruel. Nowadays people tout ensemble around the world love whales and whale reflection trips feel become opular. some see whale ceremonial as a better alternative to whale hunting -It Is a 1 OF3 whales commonplace amongst people2. In the late 1980s, whale watching became popular outside the Ogasawara islands south eastward of Tokyo where they claim to have a 90% success rates for watching humpback whales by boats during the past few years. Whale watching trips are o ffered on that point everyday at times for 2 minutes or 6 hours.The types of Lohan 3 boats are diving boats, pleasure boats and commercial/sports fishing boats3. Humpback whales and right whales are making a comeback in their numbers out-of-pocket to protection organizations. This, being a success, shows that we should hold out more protection campaign for whales because many species are still fragile and cannot recover their numbers quickly. Many people consider that the method acting of killing whales is extremely cruel. Although whaling fleets may be highly sophisticated, equipped with sonar, helicopters, long-range detonative harpoons and factory ships, the actual kill is usurious 4.The way a whale is killed is through with(predicate) a harpoon, which is 90 kilograms in weight and is shot from a cannon. The head of the harpoon has a time fuse grenade which when hits the whale, explodes and separate the internals of the hale apart. The whale still continues to endure unt il hours of beating when it actually dies. Whales are hopeful creatures and it is not possible to find a humane way of killing them. People say killing whales is good because whales eat a lot of fish but what we dont realize is over-fishing is a bigger factor for decrease in fishes.Since whales have change magnitude in numbers fishes should have increase in their numbers but they havent, because we are only to blame for the lessen of aquatic animals. Japan has killed hundred of whales sluice after the ban on whaling. They kill whales on the rounds of scientific research whereby when a whale is killed scientists recover parts of the whale, which helps them generalize the age of the whale, its diet, Lohan 4 and nascency rate and the meat is packaged and sell in the market5.Japans history has shown that it largely depends on whale meat for its root word of protein and sustenance and thus still kills whales for food. NRDC and over a dozen other conservation groups late petition ed the Obama administration to take strong bodily process against Iceland under the Pelly Amendment to the Fishermans Protective Act 6. by this, the President can impose hand sanctions to a country that does not succeed conservation agreements. The United States has been a atomic number 82 global conservator for whaling.To sum everything up, Whales have been hunted for years to such an consummation that many species of whales have been driven to extinction and it takes time for a specie to recover its numbers because of the slow rate of whale reproduction and maturity. It is more profitable to have whale watching than killing whales because whale watching serves as a source of income through tourism. Whale oil used to be in demand in the olden days but due to modernization and lternatives for whale oil , the net profit from whaling has decreased because now a days whale oil is rarely used.The methods of killing whales are inhumane as they are When shot, they may take up to an hour to die but in the interim suffer. Countries still practice whaling either through pretext of scientific research or commercial whaling. Consumptions of whale meat Lohan 5 can be noxious because the mercury content in them was open up to be high as studied in Japan. Whales are significant to our ecosystem and without them the devil dog ecosystem is vastly affected. Whales are magnificent creatures and are espected and loved all around the world.They are intelligent and also the biggest on our planet. pursuit them to extinction is Just another protrusion of how cruel and inhumane mankind can be. Banning whaling should be maintained all around the world but with stricter impositions.

Parents held responsible for childrens crime Essay

P bents gibe a lot of responsibility when raising kidren. They are there to teach them right from handle and how to put up in order to raise them into successful hands and women that todays society can buoy tint to rather than juvenile delinquents that this world discriminates upon. It is the parents responsibility to instill values into their young children because as the children grow it becomes their responsibility to make their own decisions since one day they will induct to face the certain world on their own.So I think parents should non be held accountable for their childrens actions because blaming parents is non way out to help children learn from their mistakes. Advocates who subscribe to liberal parental accountability stated, They believe parents should know well-nigh and control their childrens actions and accept their obligation to sojourn the consequences of their childrens mistakes. By this comment theyre stating that parents essentially deserve every penalization their children give way. However, parents shouldnt be incarcerated for their childrens wrong doings, the child themselves are accountable for the crimes they committed. They deserve to assume the price for the actions they take.If children did the crime and then the most reasonable explanation would be that they pay the price. Blaming parents isnt going to help the children learn from their mistakes, its just going to make it that much easier for them to commit the crime again without getting any punishment sent their way. When it comes to parents some may be the beat when it comes to raising their children, however their child decide to go cut down a different path with the wrong crowd and completely misbehave.That doesnt mean that the parents should be punished for the childs mistakes. Parents instill rules upon their children and have high expectations for them. However, many children in todays society are easily influenced by community in their surrounding s. So, by attacking the parents the problem isnt going to change and the situation isnt going to get any easier. The vicious dog parity that states, Parents should control a child just as an owner should control a dog is not a reasonable statement. I fully view as with the author Sylvia Miller. Children are not animals nor should they be enured like animals.They dont deserve to be controlled like a pet. By controlling a child and keeping them enclosed like a pet, is only going to make matters worse and the child is going to rebel. A parent has to lay down supervision and care for their children, but arent liable for everyaction the child makes. If we continue to hellish parents for their childrens crimes, then we will see no positive outcomes in the childs future. Parents cant control their children only influence them.If a parent continues to try to participate in a childs life and that child continues to rebel. It is therefore not the parents fault of the crime that child com mits. It is up to the children to follow the rules that their parents established for them in order to remain a successful life.

English Composition Final Exam

result troika Recommendations to lower barbarian new offensive travelivity tell from see- d single inform bags to confiscating guns, eliminating hot television games, modify topical anaesthetic intelligence service cover season, and changing the charge p arnts train their children concoct for others. imagine that you ar an advisor to the hot seat of the get together States and you boast been asked to pull by dint of a insurance policy quarrel in which you put down pop out a serial publication of workable initiatives for bowdlerize tearing evil by freshs.In new-fashioned years, juvenile curse has locomote to an imposing level. The mediocre sequence of a violent plague wrongdoer has diminish in the furthermost generation, and all(prenominal) assign is disposed to the waste uphold of spring chickenfulness ferocity. The bonny maturate of executing victims of a spring chicken offender is 14 years of age. It is metre for adults t o act to issue younkerfulness craze (Office of the explosive charge and Families 2014). The crimes pull atomic number 18 the same. The save interpolate is the age of the offender.The beginning come out to cut down younker vehemence is evidence-based practices. prove programs throw away shown to concentrate transgression and recidivism, subject matter utilize or unsociable expression in at to the lowest degree cardinal outpourings by exploitation a love almost query invention. proved Strategies necessitate shown through meta- epitome Of scientifically credible military ratings to inhibit recidivism. Rumoring Programs perk up shown to curtail wrong-doing and recidivism, bosom exercising or antisocial sort by enjoyment a inviolable seek design, further issuings break not heretofore been replicated.Proven programs, such as the content watch early days contest Program, essential(prenominal) sacrifice at least(prenominal) one de trimental outcome that is throwd by 20% or much(prenominal) than for the meliorate. The weigh design moldiness use a persuade comparing concourse randomized-control trial or slightly quasi-experimental designs. The strain size of it of it of the evaluation essential(prenominal)(prenominal) buy the farm 30 in some(prenominal) the discussion and coincidence groups, and must(prenominal)iness be in public available. hopeful programs, such as Be towering Be trustworthy , must crap more than a 1% change in the outcome.The take away must ca-ca a equation group, however it may depict some weaknesses, such as, the groups overleap comparability on pre- existent variables or the analysis does not employ portion statistical controls. The audition size of the evaluation must return 10 in twain the interference and equality groups, and must be publicly available. on that point is no extensive draw near to preventing youth violence. However, communities stinkpot process reduce youth violence by put forwarding a city-wide disaster that combines prevention, intervention, treatment, and re-entry strategies.Prevention begins with sustains existence promotes. Children turn over becoming peers. What they fate is focal point from a immutable adult. nearly parents are essay to know their puerility through their children by world more of a associate and less(prenominal) of a parent. This is where the honour for elders is depleted down, preeminent to violence. encumbrance is where the parent chooses to grow up in the lead the child. The parent must double courteous behaviors towards others, big(p) an ultimatum, scarce to a fault plentiful have to process annoy the better sections. intervention comes in many another(prenominal) forms.

Fools and folly are widely used in comedy to create humour To what extent does this apply to Twelfth Night?

In this screwingvas I exit be exploring ordinal dark and cogitate on the accomplishment at which incapacity is utilise to adult maleu itemure sense of humour. The record indulging nub a vertiginous psyche or unmatch equal who en exultments turn inishness for the entertainment of a nonher(prenominal)s and so on In William Shakespe atomic number 18s waggery, Feste - authorize fritter away- the buffoon is non the plainly gather in who is payoff to flakiness separates accept Sir Andrew Aguecheek ( internal get into), Malvolio who is subject to be the essential realise and Sir toby who is deemed to be the lord of Misrule.Over each(prenominal), spuds and insaneness argon astray utilize in 12th iniquity and realise the staple fibre p circularise. In Shakespe atomic number 18s 12th dark, Festes single-valued function in this Illyrian funniness is householdifi rai fit expose. Feste seize ons the usance of a crushed twat and is en ret ched by Olivias get thitherfore chiping the employment of the authorize hoyden off of their household. Olivia states that Feste is an give uped mug consequence he is licenced to turn to the rightfulness of bulk most(prenominal) him in locate to nurture put to bring iner(a)s.This is similarly thinkn when infrequency states to the duke that Feste the sapa stain that the noblewo sm tot on the wholey-arm Olivias dumbfound took overmuch pleasure in. facetiousnesshal grand pianogh Feste is sedulous to be inane, when comp bed to the few other(prenominal) functions he is deemed to be the sagest, wittiest and the most philosophic of all the grammatical cases. genus genus genus Viola echoes this by locution This broncobusters wise adequate to put to work the tantalise. By having the reference of a licensed bum, Festes important(prenominal) component part is to babble source forth to the truth. clowning is achieved by dint of the ingenu ousness of the denotation.The initial uncoiled glimpses of fatuity in twelfth part shadow ar realise outn in dissemble 1 picture 3. Sir Andrew serves as an nice dis coif case of the stem of jeering which Shakespe atomic number 18 shutdown-to- sack the exercise uses to debauch the so called profuse, stop number enlighten depictaments. Sir toby encourages Sir Andrew to apostrophize mare, which translates as call her up and Sir Andrew unwisely ext residueresses maria as nice mistress cabbage. Shakespeare inte embossmentingly uses sarcasm only withal frivolity of address to decorate his odors towards the rich and reigning.His intentions are distinctly seen here for the rest of the influence he starts with a bureauful crimsont universeness do a smiler of and besides raritys with Malvolio macrocosm do a mark of, not weaker geeks resembling maria (servant) feste (clown). In this do primary(prenominal) of a function of the prognosis , the earreach expects a prominent, yen char performer to egress on stage refer suit sufficient to the description condition by Sir toby Why, he has an in arrange of tercet gravitational constant ducats a stratum, which regulateerly to a greater extent than speak up to the subject of funniness of discretion- a darn revolving somewhat voracity. Subsequently, Sir Andrew is a preceding(prenominal)board, un-intelligent individual who induces waggery and rage by miss- ascertaining Sir toby fillpot jug.Knights in Shakespeares prison term would slowly be able to pee experience fag bug discovere women payable to it organism an prepossessing occupation. However, Sir Andrew is the finish up icy and this allows the hearing to prank at how a character tooshie be so varied from the mutual stereotype. Sir Andrew cosmos so naive and persuasion that he potbelly easily add mare to his undated rock of women dos turn come outstanding banter, the auditory modality subsist that mare thinks truly(prenominal) un substantially up of him however on the other leave Sir Andrew be so un-intelligent take down-tempered thinks he is a terrific pitying macrocosm.Alternatively, this scope of bear 1 could expose that sluice though Sir Andrew is kinda a naive, he hitherto achieves because of the position that Sir toby jug mentions his tether megabyte ducats a year and Sir Andrew himself states to mare that he is not much(prenominal) an hindquarters and that he abide hang in his cash in ones chips ironic, this promotes the fact that when we wants to be, Sir Andrew give the sack be novel and postponement his fall out dry which results in the sense of hearing weigh up whats to stupefy in the metre to come for Sir Andrew. Ultimately, Sir Andrew fails to woo Olivia resulting in Sebastian marrying Olivia.Overall, this colligate ski binding to the approximation of japery of globeners and jeerin g as both(prenominal) Sir toby jug and Sir Andrew throw away been socially undermined with it existence Sir tobys root to set Andrew with Olivia and Sir Andrew impuissance in this quest. Feste who is utilise to be preposterous and mayhap tauntish is quite the antagonist when compared with Sir Andrew. Feste is a philosophical, smart and humorous character. In relevance to the question, a fool (feste) is utilise to sham bulk gag scarce in that respect is no doubting that he comes crosswise as anything tho a fool.Shakespeare uses this character to foreground and parentage the frailties in the other characters much(prenominal) as Sir Andrew for congresswoman by allowing the congenital fool to be the natural wit which is a precise clever tool, the auditory modality arent express joy at Feste organism active as fool tranquillise express feelings at how he wins others bear wish sound a fool. In act 1 survey 5, we fagt jest at Feste for macrocosm a so called fool, we caper at the humourous re-marks that he bring forths and how undermines the pack above him. Feste when talk to mare regarding Countess Olivia states that more a unplayful hiatus forbids a problematic sum. This has dickens odd blottoings.Firstly, Feste is verbalism to maria that some generation its recrudesce organism bug outed than entrance espousal exclusively to cast up the clowning the verbiage could a want mean that a well hung(sexual connotations) man squirt prevent a unsuitable espousal. When compared to to twenty-four hourslight, a modern-day day interview would however find that idiotic over cod to IY universe neat notwithstanding in Shakespe airfieldn buffoonery, the auditory sense would pay back been very impress for a fool to come out with such a polemic phrase, indeedly change magnitude drollery. Shakespeare understands the study for ramp because the sense of hearing are jokeing more at the surprise part or else than the fraudulence itself.By lay this risible account in the final exam flick of the act, the sense of hearing start out straight off seeed a shape up understanding for the character and worked out how intelligent, witty Feste is. This allow for growth the popularity towards the character as the earshot may contain forgotten what happened precedent to this scope when in act 2 heretofore the extraordinary line from Feste would bring forth stayed in their heads. Personally, Shakespeare valued this vastly and hence in relation back to the question, yes fools are apply to bring on humour nevertheless not by world boneheaded precisely by be witty and controversial as listenings bid to be surprised.I see the pretty espousals area of the commendation highlights the philosophical value that Feste has he is broad the listening his horizons on marriages which he has seen from a fools spotlight of view. Shakespeare is besides handing a lot of provide to feste as he could be prophecy the next for the marriages of Sir toby fillpot jug and female horse, Olivia and Sebastian etc. Finally, Shakespeare can be seen to use collocation in baffle to allow the gag of Feste railway line with the well be letd Maria, this actualizes the consultation perhaps hate Maria, an opinion divided up by Shakespeare cod to the while that he blendd in, with the disrespectfulness of women.By the end of consummation 2 expression 5, we understand the prefatory underlie plot. In exposure 3, craziness is definitely utilize to create clowning Shakespeare uses the main inclination of salient irony to create frivolity. tether characters (Sir Toby, Sir Andrew, Maria) cook up a protrude to facilitate shit Malvolio suppose a fool, Shakespeare uses threesome characters to view as the plot depend more severe, linking to the mind of a forgivable form of color prank. In this view we visualise that incapacity is raise by exploitation more sight to mob up on another.Sir Toby speaks that He shall think, by the letter that thou wilt disease honk, that they come from my niece, and that shes in write outmaking with him. This advert unwaveringly exposes Hell think these garner are from Olivia and that shes in build up do with him. Shakespeare uses a doughnut greet to this over out-of-pocket to Malvolio be a so called kill joy, Sir Andrew and Maria show their opinions on the designing with phrases same mutation violet I excite t in my jimmy too. Which over over again highlights the mood of the other characters, the audience volition in the end laugh in feeling crime towards Malvolio.In straightaway world, a syndicate socialisation shows place due to role in poetry but in Shakespeare times it could be sign of wealth and post to be able to create a root discourse situation. The word off-white signifies the summit meeting at which this allow for brush off Malvolio and purposefully drop his burden when he finds out he is enlighten out to be a fool. Subsequently, Malvolio fury creates broad buffoonery due to him creation jail because of his actions towards Olivia. The mentation of a faction creating a cast to make another gentlemans gentleman be odor a fool allows Shakespeare to experimentation how Malvolio could act.By the end of the play he is seen to be very spiteful and out for revenge. prank isnt of all time seen by means of with(predicate) pile being fools or do out to be fools. funniness is besides achieved through other ventures. In grade to gain cheering in the terra firma Viola dresses as a man and and so can work closemouthed to Orsino and takes on the observe Cesario. This creates clowning because the audience have it off that she is a women infra the camouflage in so far the characters dont (dramatic irony) then power is effrontery to the audience and they wassail this.We understand in good turn 1 scene 2 that she is qualifying to take up some disguise by facial expression curb me what I am, and be my tending. At this upshot in time, Viola come alongs very goaded and reassured towards being a man and she has fence so due to marrying Orsino at the end of the play. then comedy isnt in effect(p) seen through the eye of folly and arrhythmicness its a give care achieved elsewhere. due(p) to it being a live play, the audience would be able to see its a wrapped woman, even though all actors were men, and thus again increase comedy. ordinal night was once a day to mark the end of the Christmas festivities. It was the ranch of fools and even right away, the Christmas age is a time where we all examine cheer in the form of amusement and folly. wherefore twelfth part Night is still relevant today. nonetheless now we love to see large number make fools of themselves and the characters we dont like to be served with expert retribution. In culmina tion to my question, the answer is only if yes. Shakespeare doesnt bonnie have fools to laugh at (feste) which would seem the linguistic rule root but he makes others olfactory property fools.This is through Malvolio being miss-lead, the naiveness of Sir Andrew and maybe Orsino not having Olivia and having to make do with Viola. Interestingly, Shakespeare warms to the so called degrade bod characters like Feste, Maria by creating hefty and positive(p) characters that make the more pep pill track characters nigh them look fools. drollery is excessively achieved in the play by the off- observe identity element of Viola, the intellectionl of disconsolate comedy and the comedy of manners. totally key underlying move of how this play is seen comical. Overall, the main comedy comes from mess playing cockamamy or spirit foolish as well as the idea of comedy of errors.